Information in this section pertains to all global PEN® partners except where country flags are
visible. Click on the flag(s) for country-specific information. If a country flag is not listed, there is
no information specific to that country.
[B] The following conclusions are supported by fair evidence:Epidemiological data suggests that a high refined sugar intake and a high glycemic load are associated with a higher risk of gallstones in adults.
Epidemiological data suggests that a high fibre intake may be protective against gallbladder disease.
Epidemiological data suggests that the consumption of nuts (>140 g/week) is associated with a reduced risk of gallstone disease and cholecystectomy.
Epidemiological