Information in this section pertains to all global PEN® partners except where country flags are
visible. Click on the flag(s) for country-specific information. If a country flag is not listed, there is
no information specific to that country.
Disease Etiology
Kidney transplantation is the most common type of solid organ transplantation and is the preferred treatment for end stage renal failure (1). According to the National Kidney Foundation, “a kidney transplant is an operation in which a person whose own kidneys have failed, receives a new kidney to take over the work of cleaning the blood” (2). There are two types of kidney transplants: transplant from a live donor and transplant from a deceased donor. Potential kidney