Information in this section pertains to all global PEN® partners except where country flags are
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Disease Etiology
According to the Canadian Thoracic Society, “COPD is a respiratory disorder largely caused by smoking, and is characterized by progressive, partially reversible airway obstruction and lung hyperinflation, systemic manifestations, and increasing frequency and severity of exacerbations” (1). COPD includes the diagnoses of chronic obstructive bronchitis and emphysema, and many individuals have both conditions. Chronic bronchitis is a cough that produces sputum repeatedly and when